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etymology that accounts for Iranian evidence (see below) relates the word to Skt. Síndhu- “river, ocean” hence the name of the river par excellence to the west of the subcontinent) has been explained, traditionally, as purely Indic (a derivative from syandati “flow” see Burrow, p. With the arrival of the two peoples, both calling themselves “Arya” but with distinct identities, the great river could be viewed as a geographical boundary of at least symbolic value, a divide between the Iranian-speakers of the plateau and Central Asia and the Indo-Aryan-speaking peoples of present-day northern Pakistan, the Punjab, and the Gangetic plain. Possibly we should even think of some continuity of ethnicity, language, and culture from Elam in the west across Iran to the Dravidian peoples of India. The population of the subcontinent had extended west of the Indus river valley into the highlands of Baluchistan and along the coast of the Arabian Sea from the time of the Indus Civilization of the 3rd-2nd millennia B.C.E. However, through political expansion, commercial relations, religious and other cultural exchange, Iranians and Indians were destined to experience repeated, if not continuous, rediscoveries of each other, both in ancient times and, with increasing intensity, after the extension eastward of Islam and the Persian language. Existing cultural, as well as linguistic, differences between the two larger groups would only be heightened by geographic dispersal and, consequently, different experiences of adaptation and interaction with the indigenous populations and different contacts with neighboring societies.

the speakers of related but already well-differentiated and internally diversified language groups, proto-Iranian and proto-Indo-Aryan (along with proto-Nuristani), were settling in the new homelands of Iran and India where their historical future lay. This series of entries covers Indian history and its relations with Iran.Ī version of this article is available in printīy the close of the second millennium B.C.E. INDIAN MERCHANTS IN 19TH-CENTURY AFGHANISTAN INDIAN MERCHANTS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IRAN INDIAN LITERARY INFLUENCES ON PERSIAN LITERATURE RELATIONS: QAJAR PERIOD, EARLY 20TH CENTURY RELATIONS: QAJAR PERIOD, THE 19TH CENTURY Political and Cultural Relations (13th-18th centuries) RELATIONS: MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE 13TH CENTURY RELATIONS: SELEUCID, PARTHIAN, SASANIAN PERIODS

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